![]() ![]() Part-system C Part-system D The consonant system A typology for accents of Englishģ Developments and processes 3.1 Residualisms 3.1.1 The Great Vowel Shift 3.1.2 NG Coalescence 3.1.3 The velar fricative 3.1.4ģ.1.5 The Long Mid Mergers 3.1.6 The FLEECE Mergerģ.1.9 Pre-Fricative Lengthening 3.1.10 Yod Dropping 3.1.11 PRICE and CHOICEģ.1.12 Long Mid Diphthonging 3.1.13 The Great Divide 3,2 British prestige innovations 3.2.1 Vowels before/r/ 3.2.2 R Dropping 3.2.3 R Insertion 3.2.4 Glide Cluster Reduction 3.2.5 Suffix vowels 3.2.6ģ.2.7 The FORCE Mergers 3.2.8 The realization of GOAT KIT DRESS TRAP LOT STRUT FOOT BATH CLOTH NURSE FLEECE FACE PALM THOUGHT GOAT GOOSE PRICE CHOICE MOUTH NEARĬontents 2.2.20 2.2.21 2.2.22 2.2.23 2.2.24 Xv xvii i i i 2 4 8 13 18 23 25 28 31 34 36 39 39 41 44 45 48 50 52 54 57 59 60 64 66 69 72 72 73Ĭontents 1.3.3 Phonotactic distribution 1.3.4 Phonemic systems 1.3.5 Lexical distribution 1.3.6 Further considerations 1.3.7 Consequences: rhymes, puns, and intelligibility 1.3.8 Rhythmical characteristics 1.3.9 Intonation 1.3.10 Voice quality 1.4 Why accents differ 1.4.1 Why innovations arise 1.4.2 System preservation 1.4.3 Splits and mergers 1.4.4 Regularization 1.4.5 Why innovations spread 1.4.6 The influence of literacy 1.4.7 External influences 1.4.8 Altering one's accent 2 Sets and systems 2.i The reference accents 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 The vowel system of RP 2.1.3 The vowel system of GenAm 2.1.4 The two vowel systems compared 2.1.5 RP and GenAm: further comparison 2.2 Standard lexical sets 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2-4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9 2.2.IO 2.2.11 2.2.12 2.2.13 2.2.14 2.2.15 2.2.16 2.2.17 2.2.18 2.2.19 ![]() 2.3 Phonetic similarity 1.2.4 Non-contrastive distribution 1.2.5 Affricates and diphthongs 1.2.6 The phonological word 1.2.7 Multiple complementation and neutralization 1.2.8 Further difficulties with taxonomic phonemics 1.2.9 Phonological rules 1.2.10 Natural classes 1.2.11 A case in point: the velar nasal 1.2.12 Optional rules, variable rules 1.2.13 Rule ordering 1.2.14 Polylectal and panlectal phonology 1.3 How accents differ 1.3.1 Introduction 1.3.2 Phonetic realization 2 Dialect and accent 1.3 Traditional-dialect 1.4 Geographical variation 1.5 Socio-economic class 1.6 Sex, ethnicity 1.7 Age: the time dimension 1.8 Styles and roles 1.9 Perceiving a stereotype 1.10 Projecting an image I.I 1 Standards 1.12 What are the facts? 1.2 Accent phonology 1.2.1 Why phonology? 1.2.2 The taxonomic-phonemic model. Volume i: An Introduction Preface Typographical conventions and phonetic symbols i Aspects of accent 1.1 Linguistic and social variability I.I.I Introduction i. TideĤ21.5'2 PE 1137 ISBN 9 7 hardback Volume I ISBN 9 2 paperback Volume J lSBN 4 X hardback Volume 2 ISBN 0 2 paperback Volume 2 ISBN 5 8 hardback Volume 3 ISBN 1 7 paperback Volume 3 Transferred to digilal printing 2000 ![]() Library of Congress catalogue card number: 81-10127īritish Library cataloguing in publication data Wel ls, J.C. Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 lRP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-421 t, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Victoria 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1986 First published 1982 Reprinted 1984, 1989, 1992 Accents of English The British Isles ) C. ![]()
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